Hubungan Status Gizi, Aktivitas Fisik, Konsumsi Natrium, Tingkat Stres, dan Tempat Tinggal dengan Tekanan Darah Remaja: Studi Cross-Sectional
Article History
Submited : March 18, 2021
Published : March 29, 2022
Keywords:
Masa remaja merupakan usia kritis untuk mengendalikan tekanan darah, untuk mengurangi risiko hipertensi di kemudian hari. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengendalikan tekanan darah remaja adalah menerapkan gaya hidup sehat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan status gizi, aktivitas fisik, konsumsi natrium, tingkat stres, dan tempat tinggal dengan tekanan darah siswa MA Putri Maskumambang di Kabupaten Gresik. Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross-sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 70 orang, yang diambil dengan teknik simple random sampling. Penelitian dilakukan di MA Putri Maskumambang di Kabupaten Gresik, Jawa Timur, sejak September 2019 hingga Februari 2021. Pengumpulan data meliputi pengukuran tekanan darah, berat badan, tinggi badan, tingkat stres menggunakan The Student Stress Scale, aktivitas fisik menggunakan kuesioner dari FAO/WHO/UNU, konsumsi natrium menggunakan Semi-FFQ, dan identitas diri. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status gizi (p = 0,00) memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan tekanan darah siswa MA Putri Maskumambang di Kabupaten Gresik. Sedangkan aktivitas fisik (p = 1,00), konsumsi natrium (p = 0,71), tingkat stres (p = 0,62 dan p = 0,60), dan tempat tinggal (p = 1,00) tidak berhubungan dengan tekanan darah. Gaya hidup sehat harus selalu diterapkan oleh remaja untuk mengurangi risiko hipertensi saat dewasa.
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2. WHO. A Global Brief on Hypertension: Silent Killer, Global Public Health Crisis. World Health Organization. Geneva; 2013.
3. Kemenkes RI. Laporan Nasional RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta; 2019.
4. Riley M, Hernandez AK, Kuznia AL. High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Am Acad Fam Physicians. 2018;98(8):486–94.
5. Dong Y, Ma J, Song Y, Dong B, Wang Z, Yang Z, et al. National Blood Pressure Reference for Chinese Han Children and Adolescents Aged 7 to 17 Years. Hypertension. 2017;70(5):897–906.
6. Sarganas G, Rosario AS, Niessner C, Woll A, Neuhauser HK. Tracking of Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents in Germany in the Context of Risk Factors for Hypertension. Int J Hypertens. 2018;2018(1):1–10.
7. Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):1–72.
8. Shen W, Zhang T, Li S, Zhang H, Xi B, Shen H, et al. Race and Sex Differences of Long-Term Blood Pressure Profiles From Childhood and Adult Hypertension. Hypertension. 2017;70(1):66–74.
9. Vijayalakshmi I, Narasimhan C. Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Hypertens J. 2015;1(2):88–93.
10. Charles L, Triscott J, Dobbs B. Secondary Hypertension: Discovering the Underlying Cause. Am Fam Physician [Internet]. 2017;96(7):453–61. Available from: https://www-aafp-org.proxy1.lib.tju.edu/afp/2017/1001/p453.html
11. Göknar N, Çalışkan S. New Guidelines for The Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Pediatric Hypertension. Turk Pediatr Ars. 2020;55(1):11–22.
12. Mhaske SN, Dahanukar S. Prehypertension in Adolescent Children. J Hypertens. 2020;9(1):1–7.
13. Marlina Y, Huryati E, Soenarto Y. Indeks Massa Tubuh dan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Tekanan Darah pada Pelajar SMA. J Gizi Klin Indones. 2016;12(4):160–6.
14. WHO. Physical Activity [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Feb 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/
15. Kemenkes RI. Angka Kecukupan Gizi yang Dianjurkan untuk Masyarakat Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 28. Indonesia; 2019. p. 1–33.
16. Jadhav SB, Jatti GM, Jadhav AS, Sakharamrajderkar S, Naik JD, Ashoknandimath V. Stressing “Mental Stress” in Hypertension: A Rural Background Study. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2014;8(6):4–7.
17. Widyartha IMJ, Putra IWGAE, Ani LS. Family History, Stress, Less Physical Activity, Obesity and Excessive Salty Food Consumption as Risk Factors of Hypertension. Public Heal Prev Med Arch. 2016;4(2):148–54.
18. Hu B, Liu X, Yin S, Fan H, Feng F, Yuan J. Effects of Psychological Stress on Hypertension in Middle-Aged Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):1–13.
19. Kurnianingsih M, Dewi YLR, Pamungkasari EP. Risk Factors of Hypertension in High School Students: Multilevel Evidence of The Contextual Effect of School. J Epidemiol Public Heal. 2019;4(4):259–69.
20. Ruxton GD, Neuhäuser M. Review of Alternative Approaches to Calculation of A Confidence Interval for The Odds Ratio of A 2 × 2 Contingency Table. Methods Ecol Evol. 2013;4(1):9–13.
21. Addissie YA, Kruszka P, Troia A, Wong ZC, Everson JL, Kozel BA, et al. Identifying Environmental Risk Factors and Gene–Environment Interactions in Holoprosencephaly. Environ Heal. 2020;19(65):1–13.
22. Putri R, Sumiarto B, Mulyani GT. Faktor-Faktor Risiko Feline Panleukopenia pada Kucing di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Risk. J Sain Vet. 2020;38(3):206–13.
23. Kurnianto A, Sunjaya DK, Rinawan FR, Hilmanto D. Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Factors among Indonesian Adolescents. Int J Hypertens. 2020;2020:1–7.
24. Pardede SO, Yunilasari, Setyanto DB. Prevalence and Factors that Influence Hypertension in Adolescents in Central Jakarta. Am J Clin Med Res [Internet]. 2017;5(4):43–8. Available from: http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajcmr/5/4/1/index.html
25. Peltzer K, Pengpid S. The Prevalence and Social Determinants of Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based National Survey. Int J Hypertens. 2018;2018:1–9.
26. Simbolon D, Yorita E, Talib RA. The Risk of Hypertension in Adulthood as a Consequence of Adolescent Obesity. Kesmas Natl Public Heal J. 2019;14(1):28–36.
27. Syah MNH, Wahyuningsih U, Ardiansyah S, Asrullah M. Hypertension and Related Factors among Female Students at Vocational High School Bekasi, Indonesia. Natl Nutr J. 2020;15(3):219–24.
28. Yusrizal M, Indarto D, Akhyar M. Risk of Hypertension in Adolescents with Over Nutritional Status in Pangkalpinang, Indonesia. J Epidemiol Public Heal. 2016;01(01):27–36.
29. Angesti AN, Triyanti, Sartika RAD. Riwayat Hipertensi Keluarga Sebagai Faktor Dominan Hipertensi pada Remaja Kelas XI SMA Sejahtera 1 Depok Tahun 2017. Bul Penelit Kesehat [Internet]. 2018;46(1):1–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/bpk.v46i1.7158.1-10
30. Tajik E, Zulkefli NAM, Baharom A, Minhat HS, Latiff LA. Contributing Factors of Obesity among Stressed Adolescents. Electron Physician. 2014;6(1):771–8.
31. Tajik E, Latiff L, Javadi M, Mohammadzadeh M. Pyrex Journals Stress, Depression and Obesity among Adolescents: A Narrative Review. Pyrex J Nutr Metab [Internet]. 2015;1(1):001–5. Available from: http://www.pyrexjournals.org/pjnam
32. Hidayati H, Hatthakit U, Isaramalai S. Physical Activity among Muslim Adolescents in Indonesia. Idea Nurs J. 2018;IX(2):43–9.
33. Sekulic D, Blazevic M, Gilic B, Kvesic I, Zenic N. Prospective Analysis of Levels and Correlates of Physical Activity during COVID-19 Pandemic and Imposed Rules of Social Distancing; Gender Specific Study among Adolescents from Southern Croatia. Sustainability. 2020;12(10):1–13.
34. Bachtiar F, Condrowati, Utari D, Maharani FT. Physical Activity Levels of Adults During Covid-19 Quarantine in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study. Adv Heal Sci Res. 2020;30:267–73.
35. Wellman RJ, Sylvestre MP, Nader PA, Chiolero A, Mesidor M, Dugas EN, et al. Intensity and Frequency of Physical Activity and High Blood Pressure in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. J Clin Hypertens. 2020;22(2):283–90.
36. Prihatini S, Permaesih D, Julianti ED. ASUPAN NATRIUM PENDUDUK INDONESIA: Analisis Data Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) 2014. Gizi Indones. 2016;39(1):15–24.
37. Hendriyani H, Sulistyowati E, Noviardhi A. Konsumsi Makanan Tinggi Natrium, Kesukaan Rasa Asin, Berat Badan, dan Tekanan Darah pada Anak Sekolah. J Gizi Klin Indones. 2016;12(3):89–98.
38. Kurnianingtyas BF, Suyatno, Kartasurya MI. Faktor Risiko Kejadian Hipertensi pada Siswa SMA di Kota Semarang Tahun 2016. J Kesehat Masy. 2017;5(2):70–7.
39. Leyvraz M, Chatelan A, da Costa BR, Taffé P, Paradis G, Bovet P, et al. Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Observational Studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):1796–810.
40. Putri WDAW. Prevalensi Stres Psikososial dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi pada Siswa–Siswi Kelas XII Studi Pendidikan IPA dan IPS SMAN 6 Denpasar. E-Jurnal Med Udayana. 2015;3(11):1–12.
41. Deng JH, Yan W, Han Y, Chen C, Meng SQ, Sun CY, et al. Predictable Chronic Mild Stress during Adolescence Promotes Fear Memory Extinction in Adulthood. Sci Rep. 2017;7(7857):1–15.
42. American Psychological Association. Are Teens Adopting Adults ’ Stress Habits ? American Psychological Association. America; 2014.
43. Nasution ATP, Ramayati R, Sofyani S, Ramayani OR, Siregar R. Quality of Sleep and Hypertension in Adolescents. Paediatr Indones. 2016;56(5):272–6.
Binti Abdul Malik, Q., & Syahrul, F. (2022). Hubungan Status Gizi, Aktivitas Fisik, Konsumsi Natrium, Tingkat Stres, dan Tempat Tinggal dengan Tekanan Darah Remaja: Studi Cross-Sectional. Preventif : Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.22487/preventif.v13i1.226
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