Market Proximity, Income, and Home Gardening: Investigating Determinants of Household Food Security for Young Children in Samarinda City
Article History
Submited : May 21, 2025
Published : June 4, 2025
Food insecurity remains a significant public health issue, especially among infants and young children. This study aimed to identify the determinants of food security among 6-23-month-old infants in Mangkupalas, Samarinda, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 137 households with infants aged 6-23 months in Puskesmas Mangkupalas area. The study used consecutive sampling in 3 villages namely tenun, mesjid and mangkupalas. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using spearman rank correlation test.A total of 73.7% of households locatednear markets were food secure compared to 52.5% of those far from markets, and this distance was statistically associated with household food security(p = 0.019, r = -0.201). Household income showed a significant positive association with food security (p = 0.008, r = 0.226), where 76.7% of households earning ≥3,500,000 IDR/month were food secure compared to only 52.2% among those earning ≤1,500,000 IDR/month. Interestingly, home gardening, which theoretically influences food security, was not found to have a significant association(p = 0.884, r = 0.017).The findings indicate that in urban areas, where food access heavily depends on purchasing power and proximity to food sources, household food security is shaped more by economic stability and market access than by subsistence practices like home gardening. Limited land availability and a narrow variety of cultivated crops may constrain the effectiveness of home gardening in contributing to nutritional adequacy.
2. Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) Tahun 2023 [Internet]. Indonesia: Kementrian Kesehatan; 2023 p. 965. Available from: https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/ski-2023-dalam-angka/
3. Yuliantini E, Sukiyono K, Yuliarso MZ, Sulistyo B. Food Security and Stunting Incidences in the Coastal Areas of Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022 Apr 30;10(F):454–61.
4. Mahmudiono T, Nindya TS, Andrias DR, Megatsari H, Rosenkranz RR. Household Food Insecurity as a Predictor of Stunted Children and Overweight/Obese Mothers (SCOWT) in Urban Indonesia. Nutrients. 2018 Apr 26;10(5):535.
5. Shinsugi C, Matsumura M, Karama M, Tanaka J, Changoma M, Kaneko S. Factors associated with stunting among children according to the level of food insecurity in the household: a cross-sectional study in a rural community of Southeastern Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2015 Apr 30;15(1):441.
6. Hackett M, Melgar-Quiñonez H, Álvarez MC. Household food insecurity associated with stunting and underweight among preschool children in Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2009 Jun;25:506–10.
7. World Food Summit. Rome Declaration on World Food Security [Internet]. FAO; 1996. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/w3548e/w3548e00.htm
8. Badan Ketahanan Pangan. Indeks Ketahanan Pangan 2021. Kementrian Pertanian; 2021.
9. Saragih B. Evaluasi Indeks Ketahanan Pangan Kota Samarinda [Internet]. 2021 Nov 29. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356815296_EVALUASI_INDEKS_KETAHANAN_PANGAN_KOTA_SAMARINDA
10. Laraia BA. Food Insecurity and Chronic Disease. Adv Nutr. 2013 Mar 6;4(2):203–12.
11. Camacho-Rivera M, Islam JY, Rodriguez DR, Vidot DC, Bailey Z. Food Insecurity Disparities and Mental Health Impacts Among Cancer Survivors During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Health Equity. 2022 Sep 21;6(1):729–37.
12. Obayelu OA, Osho FR. How diverse are the diets of low-income urban households in Nigeria? Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 2020 Dec;2:100018.
13. Powell B, Bezner Kerr R, Young SL, Johns T. The determinants of dietary diversity and nutrition: ethnonutrition knowledge of local people in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. J Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine. 2017 Dec;13(1):23.
14. Custodio E, Herrador Z, Nkunzimana T, Węziak-Białowolska D, Perez-Hoyos A, Kayitakire F. Children’s dietary diversity and related factors in Rwanda and Burundi: A multilevel analysis using 2010 Demographic and Health Surveys. Fischer F, editor. PLoS ONE. 2019 Oct 9;14(10):e0223237.
15. Kuche D, Moss C, Eshetu S, Ayana G, Salasibew M, Dangour AD, et al. Factors associated with dietary diversity and length‐for‐age z ‐score in rural Ethiopian children aged 6–23 months: A novel approach to the analysis of baseline data from the Sustainable Undernutrition Reduction in Ethiopia evaluation. Matern Child Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Jan [cited 2020 Oct 18];16(1). Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mcn.12852
16. Usman MA, Haile MG. Market access, household dietary diversity and food security: Evidence from Eastern Africa. Food Policy. 2022 Nov 1;113:102374.
17. Puskesmas Mangkupalas. Profil Puskesmas Mangkupalas 2022. Puskesmas Mangkupalas; 2022.
18. World Health Organization. Health Research Methodology: A Guide for Training in Research Methods [Internet]. Second. Manila: World Health Organization; 2001. 245 p. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/206929/929061157X_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
19. Food and Agriculture Organization. Voices of the Hungry, Food Insecurity Experience Scale (Survey Modules) [Internet]. FAO; [cited 2023 Apr 29]. 8 p. Available from: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7dad7fe4-b4ec-4ffa-be41-ac7c32910c96/content
20. Guiné R de PF, Pato ML de J, da Costa CA, da Costa D de VTA, da Silva PBC, Martinho VJPD. Food Security and Sustainability: Discussing the Four Pillars to Encompass Other Dimensions. Foods. 2021 Nov 8;10(11):2732.
21. Glenna L, Borlu Y, Gill T, Larson J, Ricciardi V, Adam R. Food security, sweet potato production, and proximity to markets in northern Ghana. Bauchspies WK, editor. FACETS. 2017 Sep 1;2(2):919–36.
22. Bonuedi I, Kornher L, Gerber N. Agricultural seasonality, market access, and food security in Sierra Leone. Food Sec. 2022 Apr 1;14(2):471–94.
23. Saediman H, Gafaruddin A, Hidrawati H, Salam I, Ulimaz A, Rianse IS, et al. The Contribution of Home Food Gardening Program to Household Food Security in Indonesia: A Review. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development. 2021;17:795–809.
24. Du Toit MJ, Rendón O, Cologna V, Cilliers SS, Dallimer M. Why Home Gardens Fail in Enhancing Food Security and Dietary Diversity. Front Ecol Evol [Internet]. 2022 Feb 11 [cited 2024 Aug 31];10. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.804523/full
25. Herdiansyah D, Noorlatifah N, Romdhona N, Yunianto AE, Asyifa M, Fadly D. The Relationship between Consumption Behavior, Income, Food Expenditure and Household Food Security in Caringin District, Bogor Regency. Media Gizi Indonesia. 2024 Jan 30;19(1):11–6.
26. Derso A, Bizuneh H, Keleb A, Ademas A, Adane M. Food insecurity status and determinants among Urban Productive Safety Net Program beneficiary households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE. 2021 Sep 27;16(9):e0256634.
27. Garvelink WJ, Wedding K. Nutrition and Food Security in the City. 2013 Feb 21 [cited 2024 Aug 31]; Available from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/nutrition-and-food-security-city