Nutritional Characteristic of Snack bar Formulation Based on Snakehead Fish-Sorghum Flour Flakes and Kidney Beans
Article History
Submited : November 21, 2023
Published : December 14, 2023
Proving supplementary food such as snack bar from high in energy, protein and iron local foods (snakehead fish flour, sorghum and kidney bean) can be used as specific nutrition intervention for CED and anemia in pregnant women. This study aimed to analyze and nutritional characteristic of snakehead fish-sorghum flour flakes and kidney bean snack bar. The experimental method was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four ratios of snakehead fish flour-sorghum flakes and kidney beans, namely F1 (50%:50%), F2 (60%:40%), F3 (70%:30%) and F4 (80%:20%). Nutritional characteristic of snack bar was analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Duncan’s further test. The results showed that the difference ratios of snakehead fish flour-sorghum flakes and kidney beans had significant effect on energy, moisture, carbohydrates, fat, protein, zinc, iron and calcium of snack bar (p<0.05). The nutrient content of snack bar F2, F2, F3 and F4 were energy (432,04 kcal; 433,77 kcal; 4329,49 kcal; 437,56 kcal), ash content (3,21%; 3,24%; 3,29%; 3,24%), moisture content (14,46%; 14,71%, 13,35%; 13,72%), fat (20,54%; 21,11%, 19,21%; 21,08%), protein (16,87%; 16,97%; 19,63%; 18,57%), carbohydrates (44,93%; 43,98%; 44,53%; 43,41%), zinc (2,07 mg ; 2,04 mg; 2,07 mg, 2,18 mg), iron (4,35 mg; 6,02 mg; 6,23 mg; 6,76 mg) and calcium (114,21 mg; 130,27 mg; 123,41 mg; 131,83 mg). F4 potentially used as alternative supplementary food for pregnant women with CED and anemia because can be claimed as source of protein and iron product based on food label reference for pregnant women.
Angraini, D. I. (2023). The Role of Nutrient Intake and Social Determinants in Anemia among Pregnant Women at Lampung Malaria Endemic Areas. Review of Primary Care Practice and Education (Kajian Praktik Dan Pendidikan Layanan Primer), 6(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.22146/rpcpe.76227
[BPOM] Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI. (2016). Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengawasan Klaim pada Label dan Iklan Pangan Olahan.
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. 382(9890), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
Carducci, B., Keats, E. C., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2021). Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD000230. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub6
Coletta, J. M., Bell, S. J., & Roman, A. S. (2010). Omega-3 Fatty acids and pregnancy. 3(4), 163–171.
Damajanti M. (2015). Pedoman Penanggulangan Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil. Jakarta : Direktorat Bina Gizi dan KIA Kemenkes RI.
Dewey, K. G. (2016). Reducing stunting by improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition in regions such as South Asia: evidence, challenges and opportunities. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 12 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12282
Elnovriza, D., Riyadi, H., Rimbawan, R., Damayanthi, E., & Winarto, A. (2019). Development of fish bars as a high zinc and calcium snack made from bilih fish (Mystacoleuseus padangensis Blkr) flour. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 14(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2019.14.2.83-90
Fisher, A. L., & Nemeth, E. (2017). Iron homeostasis during pregnancy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106, 1567S-1574S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155812
Fitri, A. S., & Fitriana, Y. A. N. (2020). Analisis Senyawa Kimia pada Karbohidrat. Sainteks, 17(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.30595/sainteks.v17i1.8536
Hasanal M. (2017). Profil protein berbasis sds-page ikan gabus (Channa striata) yang diasapkan dengan asap tempurung kelapa berdasarkan variasi waktu pengasapan [undergraduate thesis]. Semarang : Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang.
Iqbal, S., & Ali, I. (2021). Effect of maternal zinc supplementation or zinc status on pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Heliyon, 7(7), e07540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07540
Kartika, E. Y. (2014). Penentuan kadar air dan kadar abu pada biskuit. J. Kim. Anal, 2, 1-10.
Kumar, A., & Kaur, S. (2017). Calcium: A Nutrient in Pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 67(5), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-017-1007-2
Kusumawati, E., Rahardjo, S. (2020). Relationship between levels of nutrient intake and anemia in pregnant women at the Purwokerto Timur II Public Health Center and Baturaden Health Center in Banyumas Regency. Jurnal Kesmas. 12(2):145-158
Leviana, W., & Paramita, V. (2017). Pengaruh suhu terhadap kadar air dan aktivitas air dalam bahan pada kunyit (Curcuma Longa) dengan alat pengering electrical oven. METANA, 13(2), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.14710/jis.%v.%i.%Y.645-654
Liberato, S. C., Singh, G., & Mulholland, K. (2013). Effects of protein energy supplementation during pregnancy on fetal growth: a review of the literature focusing on contextual factors. Food & Nutrition Research, 57. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.20499
Mahardika N. (2017). Analisis komposisi kimia daging dan tepung ikan gabus (Channa striata). Universitas Riau. Available at: https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMFAPERIKA/article/viewFile/17499/16903
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). In Laporan Nasional 2013.
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 51 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Produk Suplementasi Gizi. Jakarta : Kemenkes RI; 2016.
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Buku Saku Pemantauan Status Gizi tahun 2017. Available at: https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/konten/105/0/012609-buku-saku-psg-2017
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). Jakarta : Kemenkes RI; 2018. Available at: https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. Petunjuk Teknis Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (Balita – Ibu Hamil – Anak Sekolah). Jakarta : Kemenkes RI; 2017.
Mukkadas, H., Salma, W. O., & Cristian Bhinekada, I. M. (2021). Factors related to chronic energy deficiency in Pregnant Mothers in the Konawe District, Indonesia. Journal of Research Development in Nursing and Midwifery, 18(2), 18–20. https://doi.org/10.52547/jgbfnm.18.2.18
Nadimin, N., & Lestari, R. S. (2019). Peningkatan nilai gizi mikro kudapan lokal melalui subtitusi tepung ikan gabus untuk pencegahan stunting Di Sulawesi Selatan. Media Kesehatan Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar, 14(2), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.32382/medkes.v14i2.1021
Nurhusna, A., Marliyati, S. A., & Palupi, E. (2020). Snack bar made from sorghum and beans with addition of red palm oil as supplementary food for pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency. Media Gizi Indonesia, 15(3), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v15i3.173-183
Obai, G., Odongo, P., & Wanyama, R. (2016). Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Gulu and Hoima Regional Hospitals in Uganda: A cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0865-4
Paputungan, S. R. (2016). Hubungan antara asupan zat besi dan protein dengan kejadian anemia pada siswi kelas VIII dan IX Di SMP N 8 Manado. PHARMACON, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.5.2016.11348
Pastuty, R., Km, R., & Herawati, T. (2018). Efektifitas Program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan-Pemulihan Pada Ibu Hamil Kurang Energi Kronik di Kota Palembang. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 9(3), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2018.9.3.179-188
Pasune FSR, Nuzrina R, Fadhilla R. (2019). Penambahan tepung sorgum (Sorgum bicolor l moench) dan daun bayam merah (Alternanthera amoena voss) pada mie basah untuk pencegahan anemia gizi besi. [undergraduate thesis]. Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu-ilmu Kesehatan, UEU.
Polibara, A., Fajri, U. N., Hadisaputro, S., & Soejoenoes, A. (2020). Ekstrak ikan gabus (channa striata ) untuk meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin pada ibu nifas anemia di rsud hj.anna lasmanah banjarnegara. Scientific Journal of Medsains, 6(2), 37–41. https://www.jurnal.polibara.ac.id/index.php/medsains/article/view/183
Sukmawati S, Priawantiputri W, Surmita, Maryati D, Aisyah WN. (2019). Produk biskuit sumber zat besi berbasis bayam dan tepung sorgum sebagai makanan tambahan ibu hamil. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Poltekkes Depkes Bandung. 2, 2019. https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v11i2.676
Swandyani, P. M., Santoso, A., & Kristianto, Y. (2016). Pengembangan Tepung Labu Kuning, Tepung Ikan Gabus, dan Konsentrat Protein Kecambah Kedelai sebagai Bahan Penyusun Formula Enteral bagi Penderita Gagal Ginjal Kronik (Analisis Mutu Fisik, Kandungan Gizi, dan Kepadatan Energi). JURNAL NUTRISIA, 18(2), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.29238/jnutri.v18i2.57
Umrah AS, Dahlan AK. (2018). Pengaruh konsumsi kacang merah terhadap pengobatan anemia pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Sendana Kota Palopo. Voice of Midwifery, 8(01), pp. 688 - 695. Available at: https://www.journal.umpalopo.ac.id/index.php/VoM/article/view/35 (Accessed: 19August2023)
Wahyani, A. D., & Rahmawati, Y. D. (2021). Analisis kandungan serat pangan dan zat besi pada cookies substitusi tepung sorghum sebagai makanan alternatif bagi remaja putri anemia. JKM (Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat) Cendekia Utama, 8(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.31596/jkm.v8i2.685
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2019). Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS), Country Profile Indicators, Interpretation Guide. Geneva : WHO.
Yandamuri, A., & Yandamuri, N. (2013). Survey on Haemoglobin level in the different age groups of male and female human beings living in the rural and urban area. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 30–38.
Zhang, Z., Liu, C., Wu, S., & Ma, T. (2023). The non-nutritional factor types, mechanisms of action and passivation methods in food processing of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Systematic Review. Foods, 12(19), 3697. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193697.
[BPOM] Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan RI. (2016). Peraturan Kepala Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengawasan Klaim pada Label dan Iklan Pangan Olahan.
Black, R. E., Victora, C. G., Walker, S. P., Bhutta, Z. A., Christian, P., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Grantham-McGregor, S., Katz, J., Martorell, R., Uauy, R., & Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. 382(9890), 427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
Carducci, B., Keats, E. C., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2021). Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD000230. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub6
Coletta, J. M., Bell, S. J., & Roman, A. S. (2010). Omega-3 Fatty acids and pregnancy. 3(4), 163–171.
Damajanti M. (2015). Pedoman Penanggulangan Kurang Energi Kronis (KEK) pada Ibu Hamil. Jakarta : Direktorat Bina Gizi dan KIA Kemenkes RI.
Dewey, K. G. (2016). Reducing stunting by improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition in regions such as South Asia: evidence, challenges and opportunities. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 12 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12282
Elnovriza, D., Riyadi, H., Rimbawan, R., Damayanthi, E., & Winarto, A. (2019). Development of fish bars as a high zinc and calcium snack made from bilih fish (Mystacoleuseus padangensis Blkr) flour. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 14(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2019.14.2.83-90
Fisher, A. L., & Nemeth, E. (2017). Iron homeostasis during pregnancy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106, 1567S-1574S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155812
Fitri, A. S., & Fitriana, Y. A. N. (2020). Analisis Senyawa Kimia pada Karbohidrat. Sainteks, 17(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.30595/sainteks.v17i1.8536
Hasanal M. (2017). Profil protein berbasis sds-page ikan gabus (Channa striata) yang diasapkan dengan asap tempurung kelapa berdasarkan variasi waktu pengasapan [undergraduate thesis]. Semarang : Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang.
Iqbal, S., & Ali, I. (2021). Effect of maternal zinc supplementation or zinc status on pregnancy complications and perinatal outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. Heliyon, 7(7), e07540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07540
Kartika, E. Y. (2014). Penentuan kadar air dan kadar abu pada biskuit. J. Kim. Anal, 2, 1-10.
Kumar, A., & Kaur, S. (2017). Calcium: A Nutrient in Pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 67(5), 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-017-1007-2
Kusumawati, E., Rahardjo, S. (2020). Relationship between levels of nutrient intake and anemia in pregnant women at the Purwokerto Timur II Public Health Center and Baturaden Health Center in Banyumas Regency. Jurnal Kesmas. 12(2):145-158
Leviana, W., & Paramita, V. (2017). Pengaruh suhu terhadap kadar air dan aktivitas air dalam bahan pada kunyit (Curcuma Longa) dengan alat pengering electrical oven. METANA, 13(2), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.14710/jis.%v.%i.%Y.645-654
Liberato, S. C., Singh, G., & Mulholland, K. (2013). Effects of protein energy supplementation during pregnancy on fetal growth: a review of the literature focusing on contextual factors. Food & Nutrition Research, 57. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.20499
Mahardika N. (2017). Analisis komposisi kimia daging dan tepung ikan gabus (Channa striata). Universitas Riau. Available at: https://jom.unri.ac.id/index.php/JOMFAPERIKA/article/viewFile/17499/16903
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). In Laporan Nasional 2013.
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 51 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Produk Suplementasi Gizi. Jakarta : Kemenkes RI; 2016.
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Buku Saku Pemantauan Status Gizi tahun 2017. Available at: https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/konten/105/0/012609-buku-saku-psg-2017
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. (2018). Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas). Jakarta : Kemenkes RI; 2018. Available at: https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf
Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. Petunjuk Teknis Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (Balita – Ibu Hamil – Anak Sekolah). Jakarta : Kemenkes RI; 2017.
Mukkadas, H., Salma, W. O., & Cristian Bhinekada, I. M. (2021). Factors related to chronic energy deficiency in Pregnant Mothers in the Konawe District, Indonesia. Journal of Research Development in Nursing and Midwifery, 18(2), 18–20. https://doi.org/10.52547/jgbfnm.18.2.18
Nadimin, N., & Lestari, R. S. (2019). Peningkatan nilai gizi mikro kudapan lokal melalui subtitusi tepung ikan gabus untuk pencegahan stunting Di Sulawesi Selatan. Media Kesehatan Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar, 14(2), 152–157. https://doi.org/10.32382/medkes.v14i2.1021
Nurhusna, A., Marliyati, S. A., & Palupi, E. (2020). Snack bar made from sorghum and beans with addition of red palm oil as supplementary food for pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency. Media Gizi Indonesia, 15(3), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v15i3.173-183
Obai, G., Odongo, P., & Wanyama, R. (2016). Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Gulu and Hoima Regional Hospitals in Uganda: A cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16, 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0865-4
Paputungan, S. R. (2016). Hubungan antara asupan zat besi dan protein dengan kejadian anemia pada siswi kelas VIII dan IX Di SMP N 8 Manado. PHARMACON, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.5.2016.11348
Pastuty, R., Km, R., & Herawati, T. (2018). Efektifitas Program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan-Pemulihan Pada Ibu Hamil Kurang Energi Kronik di Kota Palembang. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 9(3), 179–188. https://doi.org/10.26553/jikm.2018.9.3.179-188
Pasune FSR, Nuzrina R, Fadhilla R. (2019). Penambahan tepung sorgum (Sorgum bicolor l moench) dan daun bayam merah (Alternanthera amoena voss) pada mie basah untuk pencegahan anemia gizi besi. [undergraduate thesis]. Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu-ilmu Kesehatan, UEU.
Polibara, A., Fajri, U. N., Hadisaputro, S., & Soejoenoes, A. (2020). Ekstrak ikan gabus (channa striata ) untuk meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin pada ibu nifas anemia di rsud hj.anna lasmanah banjarnegara. Scientific Journal of Medsains, 6(2), 37–41. https://www.jurnal.polibara.ac.id/index.php/medsains/article/view/183
Sukmawati S, Priawantiputri W, Surmita, Maryati D, Aisyah WN. (2019). Produk biskuit sumber zat besi berbasis bayam dan tepung sorgum sebagai makanan tambahan ibu hamil. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Poltekkes Depkes Bandung. 2, 2019. https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v11i2.676
Swandyani, P. M., Santoso, A., & Kristianto, Y. (2016). Pengembangan Tepung Labu Kuning, Tepung Ikan Gabus, dan Konsentrat Protein Kecambah Kedelai sebagai Bahan Penyusun Formula Enteral bagi Penderita Gagal Ginjal Kronik (Analisis Mutu Fisik, Kandungan Gizi, dan Kepadatan Energi). JURNAL NUTRISIA, 18(2), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.29238/jnutri.v18i2.57
Umrah AS, Dahlan AK. (2018). Pengaruh konsumsi kacang merah terhadap pengobatan anemia pada ibu hamil di Puskesmas Sendana Kota Palopo. Voice of Midwifery, 8(01), pp. 688 - 695. Available at: https://www.journal.umpalopo.ac.id/index.php/VoM/article/view/35 (Accessed: 19August2023)
Wahyani, A. D., & Rahmawati, Y. D. (2021). Analisis kandungan serat pangan dan zat besi pada cookies substitusi tepung sorghum sebagai makanan alternatif bagi remaja putri anemia. JKM (Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat) Cendekia Utama, 8(2), 227–237. https://doi.org/10.31596/jkm.v8i2.685
[WHO] World Health Organization. (2019). Nutrition Landscape Information System (NLIS), Country Profile Indicators, Interpretation Guide. Geneva : WHO.
Yandamuri, A., & Yandamuri, N. (2013). Survey on Haemoglobin level in the different age groups of male and female human beings living in the rural and urban area. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 30–38.
Zhang, Z., Liu, C., Wu, S., & Ma, T. (2023). The non-nutritional factor types, mechanisms of action and passivation methods in food processing of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Systematic Review. Foods, 12(19), 3697. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12193697.
Ma’rifah, B., Nurlaily, A., & Amrullah, A. (2023). Nutritional Characteristic of Snack bar Formulation Based on Snakehead Fish-Sorghum Flour Flakes and Kidney Beans. Ghidza: Jurnal Gizi Dan Kesehatan, 7(2), 205-215. https://doi.org/10.22487/ghidza.v7i2.1005
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